Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Several periodisations are employed for the periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation.[1][2] While the Indus Valley Civilisation was divided into Early, Mature, and Late Harappan by archaeologists like Mortimer Wheeler,[3] newer periodisations include the Neolithic early farming settlements, and use a stage–phase model,[1][4][3] often combining terminology from various systems.
Dholavira (Gujarati: ????????) is an archaeological site at Khadirbet in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District, in the state of Gujarat in western India, which has taken its name from a modern-day village 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of it. This village is 165 km (103 mi) from Radhanpur. Also known locally as Kotada timba, the site contains ruins of a city of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.[1] Earthquakes have repeatedly affected Dholavira, including a particularly severe one around 2600 BCE.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholavira
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibangan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupnagar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholistan_Desert
https://www.harappa.com/blog/glimpses-ganweriwala
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganweriwal
Ganeriwala is an archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization located in the Cholistan Desert of southern Punjab, Pakistan, near the India-Pakistan border. It lies on the dry bed of the ancient Ghaggar-Hakra River and is considered one of the largest and most significant urban centers of the civilization, potentially among the top five largest Harappan cities. The site covers approximately 66.7 hectares, according to the most recent survey (2021), and features two mounds—Mound A (east) and Mound B (west)—suggesting a planned grid layout typical of Indus Valley cities. Despite its size and importance, Ganeriwala has not been scientifically excavated, and its full potential remains unexplored.
Key Facts:
Coordinates: Approximately 28° 50' N, 70° 50' E.
Historical Period: Flourished between 2600–1900 BCE (Harappan period).
Significance: Equidistant between Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, it may have served as a central hub in the Indus Valley network.
Surface Finds: Includes mudbrick walls, a terracotta tablet with a yogic figure, a copper seal, an impressed clay tablet with seven Indus script signs, and a unicorn figurine—suggesting cultural and trade links with other major Harappan sites.
Threats: The site faces risks from agricultural development, road construction, military operations, and treasure hunting, though sand dunes may have preserved much of the site.
Discovery: First surveyed by Dr. Mohammad Rafique Mughal in the 1970s, with later surveys by Punjab University (2007) and updated mapping in 2021.
The site remains a key focus for future excavation to unlock insights into the urban planning, economy, and culture of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
__________________________________________________________________
Rakhigarhi or Rakhi Garhi is a village and an archaeological site in the Hisar District of the northern Indian state of Haryana, situated about 150 km northwest of Delhi. It is located in the Ghaggar River plain,[1] some 27 km from the seasonal Ghaggar river, and belonged to the Indus Valley Civilisation, being part of the pre-Harappan (6000?/4600-3300 BC), early Harappan (3300-2600 BC), and the mature phase (2600-1900 BC) of the Indus Valley Civilisation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhigarhi
At Rakhigarhi, anxiety trumps history
Villagers fear loss of land, as Centre moves to turn Harappan site into tourist hub-2020
The Rakhigarhi Indus Valley civilisation museum, with a research center and hostel for researchers, is a proposed museum to be built in Rakhigarhi village in Hisar district of Haryana state in India.[1][2]
As of February 2021, the museum was still under construction, with political rows over the proposed design. It was not expected to be opened until 2022 at the earliest As of March 2026, the museum remains under development, with the government actively working toward its completion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhigarhi_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_Museum
________________________________________________________________
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohari_Ragho
Lohari Ragho is a village and Indus Valley Civilization archaeological site, located in Hisar district of the Haryana state in India. It has 3 separate mounds, each 1 to 1.5 km apart within the peripheral suburban zone of Rakhigarhi city cite, where artifacts belonging to Mature Harappan and Sothi-Siswal cultural period (sub-culture of Late Harappan phase) have been confirmed based on filed visits.[1] These mounds, unprotected and under risk of encroachment and threat of obliteration, are yet to be excavated, fenced, protected or conserved
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siswal#Sothi-Siswal_culture
Sothi–Siswal culture: Based on the pottery found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.[3] This culture is a pre-Harappan culture which was contemporaneous with the Early-Harappan culture, with which it had trade and/or social links and overlap of cultural traits. This site has pottery which exhibits Six fabrics of Kalibanagan. Its type sites are Siswal and Sothi.
_____________________________________________________________________
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot_Diji
Kot Diji (Sindhi: ??? ????; Urdu: ??? ????) is an ancient site which was part of the Indus Valley Civilization, estimated to have been occupied around 3300 BCE. Located about 45 km (28 mi) south of Khairpur in the modern-day province of Sindh, Pakistan, it is on the east bank of the Indus River opposite Mohenjo-daro.
_________________________________________________________________________
Allahdino is a small archaeological site belonging to the Harappan (Indus Valley) period, located approximately 40 km east of Karachi, Pakistan. It is situated in a coastal area near the Malir River and was occupied during the Mature Harappan period, with evidence suggesting it was abandoned around 2000 BCE. The site covers about 1.4 hectares and is unfortified, featuring well-organized mud-brick houses, some built on stone platforms, and a large multiroomed structure with a mudbrick platform.
Key findings include:
Three wells with small diameters (60–90 cm), indicating water management for irrigation.
Large quantities of copper objects, triangular terracotta cakes, seals, and small terracotta jars.
Gold, silver, bronze, and other ornaments, including a belt with 36 carnelian beads, suggesting skilled craftsmanship and wealth among some residents.
Evidence of textile manufacturing and possible administrative functions due to the site’s layout.
The site was first excavated in 1973 by American archaeologist Walter Fairservis, though no formal reports were published, and the site suffered damage over time. Recent re-excavations (starting around 2020) have been led by Jonathan Mark Kenoyer and local scholars, with ongoing research. The site lies near Dumlottee Well No. 3, Murad Memon Goth, Malir, Karachi, and is considered one of the few surviving Indus Civilization sites along the Malir River. Its location near the ocean and mountains suggests it may have been part of an east-west trade and migration route during the Harappan era.